General Security Issues Archives - H2 Cyber Security for SMEs

Cyber Resilience – What Does It Entail?

The Cyber Security and Resilience Bill

Following the fallout last year, from the CloudStrike sensor failure that led to significant outages worldwide, we wrote a piece questioning whether we are truly addressing Cyber challenges. Subsequently, the UK introduced The Cyber Security and Resilience Bill, which was debated in Parliament in 2025. This legislation seeks to enhance the UK’s cyber defences and bolster resilience across essential services, infrastructure, and digital offerings. It will revise current cyber security regulations, including the NIS Regulations, and broaden the scope of protected digital services and supply chains.

The primary goal of this bill is to safeguard the UK’s digital economy, positioning it as one of the most secure in the world while protecting services, supply chains, and citizens. Additionally, it aims to enhance our cyber resilience and stimulate growth and prosperity. With an expanded scope, it encompasses a wider array of essential digital services beyond those currently covered by the NIS regulations and builds upon them. The bill includes mandatory reporting requirements and emphasises the UK’s Critical National Infrastructure (CNI).

Ministerial Policy Statement

Relationship with EU Regulations

Although the UK’s Cyber Security and Resilience Bill is tailored for the UK, it draws inspiration from the EU’s Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) and the NIS2 Directive. The CRA emphasises cybersecurity for products with digital elements, whereas the UK’s legislation focuses on fostering overall resilience within its digital ecosystem. Furthermore, it aims to align with principles found in the NIS2 Directive adopted by the EU in 2024.

How will SMEs navigate this?

In the cybersecurity sector, there has long been a divide between product vendors and those of us focused on services. After three decades in this industry, I’ve repeatedly observed that product sales often prevail. Why? Because selling services is more challenging with a longer sales cycle compared to quicker product sales. People prefer to see a quick if not immediate return, on their investment; they like tangible products doing their job even if they don’t fully grasp how they function or whether they’re suited for their needs.

Risk Management

A risk managed approach remains vital. This principle hasn’t changed over my 30 years in the field. However, this bill makes it even more critical due to potential penalties for non-compliance. The focus should be on People, Process, and then Technology. I often reference Bruce Schneier, a Harvard scientist and thought leader in cybersecurity. He states, “If you think technology can solve your security problems, then you don’t understand the problems and you don’t understand the technology.” Essentially, understanding your risks begins with identifying your cyber assets, not just hardware or software but your data and your ability to maintain system access for staff and customers when needed.

Once you recognise your assets, you must identify potential threats to them and assess how vulnerable you are to those threats. Threats combined with vulnerabilities equal risk, the risk to your business if things go awry.

Having completed this assessment you can assign a risk score to each asset aiming to manage that risk down to an acceptable level, known as risk appetite. This will vary from business to business or even asset to asset; for instance, you wouldn’t assign the same risk level to a revenue-generating system as you would to an admin-only system lacking personal data.

This may sound daunting and costly; hence many businesses avoid it or only partially implement it. However, without a comprehensive assessment, it’s challenging to ensure that you are allocating your limited budget toward appropriate protections in key areas. You need to determine potential damage from failures and explore ways to mitigate that damage. While consulting a lawyer after a crisis is one option, wouldn’t it be wiser to prevent or reduce issues before they escalate?

HONEYPOTS

I seriously doubt if any of my clients would find a honeypot of any use, if only because they take a lot of time, effort and expense, but I thought I’d do a piece on them because they do exist and might be of interest, if only to understand what’s out there.

What is a Honeypot, in terms of cyber security that is? Well, we’re not talking about a seductive member of the opposite sex, using their wiles to wheedle info out of you. In this instance honeypots are cybersecurity tools designed to look like an attractive target, that act as decoys to attract and study cyberattacks. They mimic real systems or resources, but are isolated and monitored, allowing security teams to observe and analyse attacker behaviour without risking real data or systems. This information helps organisations improve their defences against malicious activity. They can also be used to attract an attacker to the honeypot and away from your actual crown jewels. Although this latter has fallen out of favour in recent years.

How Do They Work?

The honeypot is configured with vulnerabilities that are designed to lure attackers, leading them to believe they have successfully accessed a real system. Meanwhile the security team monitors the honeypots activity to track the attackers’ movements, tools, and techniques. Once the information is gathered it is used to understand attacker motivations, vulnerabilities in the organisation’s systems, and emerging threats. The knowledge gained helps organisations strengthen their defences, identify potential blind spots, and improve their overall cybersecurity strategy.

Types of Honeypots

Low-interaction honeypots – These are simple, basic decoys that provide limited interaction with attackers, allowing them to study the attacker’s initial steps.
High-interaction honeypots – These are more complex, providing a more realistic experience for attackers, allowing for detailed analysis of their behaviour and techniques.
Research honeypots – These are used specifically for studying and analysing attacker behaviour, often in a sandbox environment.
Production honeypots – These are deployed in live networks to monitor and deflect real-world attacks.

A simple low interaction Honeypot

Benefits

I started this piece by saying I doubt if any of my clients would set up a honeypot. They are expensive and resource heavy, but there are benefits:

Deflecting attacks – Honeypots can divert attackers away from valuable production systems, protecting critical assets.
Threat intelligence – They provide valuable information about attacker tactics, techniques, and procedures, helping organisations prepare for future threats.
Vulnerability assessment – By observing attacker behaviour, organisations can identify potential weaknesses in their security infrastructure.
Improved security posture – The knowledge gained from honeypots helps organisations strengthen their security defences and improve their overall security posture.

Who is likely to use a Honeypot?

Primarily honeypots are used by cybersecurity researchers and government agencies to monitor the latest threats and cybercriminal activities and methods, to improve defences. This is especially true of companies that produce threat intelligence for their customers, and threat reports.

However, they might also be used by businesses to identify and analyse attacks targeting their production networks, helping them understand attack methods and improve their security posture. They can be used to distract attackers from critical assets and provide an early warning system for potential attacks.

What is a Honeynet?

Research organisations might also utilise a honeynet. A honeynet is a decoy network that contains one or more honeypots. It looks like a real network and contains multiple systems but is hosted on one or only a few servers, each representing one environment. For example, a Windows honeypot machine, a Mac honeypot machine and a Linux honeypot machine.

I hope you have found this brief introduction to honeypots interesting, if not particularly pertinent to you. We do like to educate and spread the word in regard to cyber security.

Cyber Security is a Business Issue

I know that I tend to include the statement in the title, in many articles and posts that I produce, but I haven’t really expanded on it and explained in more detail why I say that this is a business issue and one that owners and boards need to fully embrace if they are to stay safe.

We still see many ‘tick in the box’ exercises happening when we talk to SMEs, particularly when they have encountered an issue and tell us that they have taken precautions which, when examined, aren’t doing what the company thought, or perhaps hoped, they were doing. Compliance and auditable solutions need to underpin what precautions you are taking. If you can’t check and make sure that everything is up to scratch, and do it easily and often, then you have wasted your money.

Far too much money is spent on one size fits all solutions and those that are reactive to one off threats, which produces a firefighter mentality that is at odds with the holistic preventive protection that is required to combat the current and emerging threat landscape.

This is not just a technical issue

A great quote which I use a lot comes from Bruce Schneier, an American scientist and

information security thought leader. He says:

If you think technology can solve your security problems, then you don’t understand the problems and you don’t understand the technology.

And there’s a lot of truth in that statement, particularly when it comes to SMEs, simply because they don’t understand the technology, and leave it to the IT management company that looks after their network, who mainly focus on technology, because that’s their comfort zone and selling licenses is a big part of their business. And neither the SME nor the IT Management company have a handle on the emerging threat landscape.

Another good quote comes from the Chair of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. He says, ‘If boards do not give cybersecurity and cyber resilience sufficient priority, this creates a foreseeable risk of harm to the company and thereby exposes the directors to potential enforcement action by [insert here your regions governance requirements] based on the directors not acting with reasonable care and diligence.’

Cyber security needs to be flexible and adaptable to the changing threats as they occur, because once they have become prevalent, it’s often too late to play catchup. This means a holistic strategy that encompasses technology but also process, personnel, compliance and audit. Don’t be complacent. If you stand still, you will as they say, come a cropper.

Keep saying – PEOPLE, PROCESS and TECHNOLOGY – in that order.

Is there a Misleading Message Coming from the Technology Industry?

Perhaps, because there is a considerable amount of what we call FUD, fear, uncertainty and doubt, doing the rounds constantly. It concentrates people on thinking about specifics, instead of looking at the bigger picture. Whilst there is no doubt that phishing, ransomware, and other scams have certainly concentrated the mind somewhat, and these attacks are most definitely not confined to the large enterprise businesses, but have been attacking, with a lot of success, the small to medium business market, this causes vendors to try and exploit the issues around that and push their technology solutions and of course, SMEs rarely, if ever, have the expertise to judge whether or not a particular product will actually give them the protection they need. We now must add into the mix AI and its capacity for increasing cyber-attacks at all levels, making the production of malicious code so much easier and making it available to those perhaps less skilled than heretofore.

Another problem is that the advertising tends to give the impression that Cyber security is something new when in fact it’s just an evolution of the physical security issues that existed when information was all on paper. Think of it like that and you’ll realise that it’s been around for a very long time and that what you are trying to protect is information of all kinds. It’s information that makes your business work efficiently. The very word Cyber brings with it the illusion that it’s something modern and/or futuristic, when in fact that word is essentially meaningless and the old description of Information Security or Infosec, is far more accurate and descriptive. Cyber is a blatant attempt to push the technological aspect of information security.

Risk Management

I’m going to slip in a link to a short video on risk management as it pertains to Cyber (yes, I’m using that word because it’s sadly become de facto). This video describes the process at a high level.

https://bit.ly/3FdZ6x0

Technology can be an essential part of your protection, but it must be targeted in the right way, which not only means you have the right piece of kit doing the right thing, but that you are targeting your IT spend to support your business goals and give a maximum return on investment (ROI). It should also be married to good policies and processes that are enforceable and auditable and fully understood by your work force. To do this you have to understand exactly what your risks, vulnerabilities and threats are to ensure that your solution to those risks, vulnerabilities, and threats, is targeted for maximum effect and ROI and that the technology is supporting the policies and processes, all of which is underpinned with good security awareness training.

It’s also necessary to have some way of measuring the effectiveness of your solutions through a monitoring or auditing solution. Such solutions for SMEs have long been considered too expensive to even consider but that is no longer the case and affordable solutions are now on the market.

We must all grasp that these risks are owned by the board, and if you don’t have a formal board, then the management team. This needs to be understood fully by those at the top. They team need to understand what level of risk is acceptable and agree what risks they are prepared to tolerate to achieve the business aims. They need to ensure that supporting policies are produced, implemented, understood by employees, and regularly reviewed and updated. At H2 we tend to produce an information security and data protection handbook which can run into many pages. Producing these policies is not as easy as it sounds.

You may also wish to look at some recognised standards by which you can regulate your risk management. One such is the international standard for information security, ISO 27000 series but perhaps the most appropriate for SMEs is the Cyber Essentials Scheme which will help you demonstrate an appropriate level of information security and risk management within your company.

Once you have a risk management framework in place, owned from the top, then you can identify your information assets and assess the risk to your business should those assets be compromised in some way. Then and only then can you adequately assess what processes and technologies you need to mitigate the risks identified for each asset thus targeting your spend for maximum effectiveness.

Sadly, that’s not the end. User education is probably the most important element of all for SMEs. Ensuring that your staff are aware of the policies and why they exist. Protect yourself against scams which sadly, form the biggest danger to SMEs rather than hacks. Scams can be very low tech or high tech using malware, but however they come in, your staff need to be aware of them.

Social Engineering

I frequently share insights on the significance of Cyber Awareness Training and its critical role in helping organisations defend against cybercrime. Cyber awareness training is a vital aspect of contemporary security strategies for everyone. It provides employees with the essential knowledge and skills needed to identify, respond to, and reduce cyber threats. This training is particularly effective in combating social engineering.

While many people are now familiar with the term social engineering, they may not fully understand its meaning. In the context of cybersecurity, social engineering involves manipulating, influencing, or deceiving individuals to gain unauthorised access to IT systems or to steal personal and financial information. It employs psychological tricks to lead users into making security errors or divulging sensitive data. The most prevalent form of social engineering is phishing.

Social engineering heavily relies on the six Principles of Influence identified by Robert Cialdini, a behavioral psychologist and author of “Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion.” These six principles are: Reciprocity, Commitment and Consistency, Social Proof, Authority, Liking, and Scarcity. Simply put, what these criminals seek is information, login credentials, passwords, names, phone numbers, and more. They are profiling your organisation to identify vulnerabilities, such as who manages accounts payable or whether you have an IT support company under contract that they could impersonate. In addition to phishing, they utilise various forms including vishing (voice phishing), smishing (SMS phishing), and simply calling to ask questions.

A rising threat that criminals are increasingly adopting is help desk social engineering tactics. In these schemes, attackers call an organisation’s IT help desk while posing as a legitimate employee, trying to convince the help desk agent to reset passwords or multi-factor authentication (MFA) for a specific account.

In recent years, this technique has been used to access single sign-on (SSO) accounts and cloud-based application suites. Multiple criminals adopted this approach in 2024, targeting academic and healthcare institutions; in these cases, attackers utilised compromised identities to extract data from cloud-based software as a service (SaaS) applications or alter employee payroll information.

IT help desks typically require employees requesting password and MFA resets to provide their full name, date of birth, employee ID, and manager’s name or answer a pre-set security question. However, cybercriminals attempting to socially engineer help desk personnel often answer these questions accurately. Much of this information is not confidential and can be found in public resources and social media sites. The dark web frequently harbours data that should remain private. At H2, we continuously scan the dark web for our clients to uncover any exposed information.

Often, help desk social engineering calls occur outside of regular working hours. This tactic allows criminals to maintain access to compromised accounts for longer periods before the legitimate account owner detects any suspicious activity. Attackers using this method may register their own devices for MFA to secure ongoing access to compromised accounts. They also frequently delete emails from compromised mailboxes related to suspicious account activities or configure mail transport rules to redirect relevant emails away from the main inbox.

Over the past year, several criminals have openly sought callers on popular forums. Advertisements typically call for English-speaking individuals familiar with RMM tools and experienced in conducting remote sessions. Some criminals are also exploring effective ways to spoof phone numbers or encrypt calls, ensuring caller IDs appear more credible. This trend suggests that phone-related social engineering will pose a significant threat in 2025 as demand for these capabilities increases.

So how can we combat this? I began with cyber awareness training, and I’ll conclude with it as well. When your staff, regardless of their technical expertise, understand what social engineering is and its intentions, they are much more likely to recognise it when it occurs. Simple practices such as asking unknown callers to call back using a verified number instead of one provided by the caller can make a difference. If you receive an email from a senior manager or board member that seems suspicious, open a new email thread for confirmation rather than replying directly, this helps avoid potential spoofing by scammers masquerading as legitimate sources. And of course, never click on links!

Cyber awareness training doesn’t need to be costly; it can be delivered face-to-face, online, or through automated means. At H2, we offer all these options! Regardless of your choice, please consider this training an essential component of your strategy.

The Internet of Things

There’s a lot being said in various quarters about the Internet of Things (IOT) but whenever it comes up in conversation with senior people in the SME world, even those businesses that are in the medium bracket, with significant numbers of employees, it raises a titter or two.

So, what is it and why would that be? According to Wikipedia IOT describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communication networks. The IOT encompasses electronics, communication, and computer science engineering and encompasses a vast array of devices — from household appliances to industrial equipment — all connected online. These devices often lack robust security features, making them susceptible to attacks. Common vulnerabilities include insecure firmware, weak authentication protocols and unsecured network services. For example, IOT devices can be compromised to create botnets that launch massive Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. As the IOT continues to grow, securing these devices becomes increasingly critical, necessitating the development of new security strategies that encompass IOT.

IOT in a nutshell then, does not just refer to everyday household items that have a processor and remote capability, but also systems within your business. For instance, if you can turn on your lights, start a cooker going, turn on the kettle etc, all from your phone on your way home, you can do the same on your way into work. And of course, we have Siri, and Alexa amongst other systems, all interconnected in some way in your home, and increasingly, in your office, and to the internet.

Whenever it’s discussed all the usual lighthearted comments about being hacked by your kettle, or held to ransom by your toaster, come out in the conversation. And there is some amusement to be had. But there is a serious side to this.

Increasingly now we are seeing smart appliances in the workplace, that could be used to jump onto the more serious elements of a network, we are already at a place where some functions, perceived as routine, even mundane, can already be used to jump onto other network devices. For instance, most have security cameras and alarm systems. Many of these are IP based and are connected via the LAN. OK, but many also are remotely maintained by a variety of suppliers. I have found it not uncommon for these suppliers to arrange for their own backdoor into the system to maintain these systems, often without the client knowing how that is done. This provides a very neat circuit around the router and firewall and, when most SME networks are flat, access onward to all parts of the network. A flat network refers to a network that is unsegmented ie all devices are attached to a single WIFI or wired network with no further network protection once through the gateway.

This of course is not the only example, but it shows how poor security architecture, often times by local network providers, can have a quite seriously detrimental effect. So, what I am saying is that as many more devices become ‘smart’ and interconnected via the LAN, security architecture becomes just as important for the SME as it does for the larger enterprise. The problem is that the awareness and support within the SME community and their suppliers, tends to be lacking.

These days we have to add in the move towards remote working, either full or part time, and the increasing use of AI, which adds many other threats to your systems, and I have explored these in other blogs, which you can view on my website, https://hah2.co.uk/news/. How many of your staff, using their home WIFI to connect to your company systems, also have IOT devices connected to the same WIFI router that they are using to connect to you? How are you managing that risk? Or are you?

Societal Perception of Cyber Security

Cyber Security continues to be, all too often, treated as an IT issue. Now this is a drum that cyber security professionals have been banging for a long long time. Cybersecurity is NOT and IT issue, it is very much a business issue. But we do struggle to get that across, particularly in the SME market who continue to view it as purely technical in nature.

Now, whilst I’m not always enthusiastic about the stats and reports that are published, simply because they tend to be industry publications with the authors often having an axe to grind but they can make some very good points. Let’s look at some key challenges being encountered:

Cybersecurity spending appears to be slowing (although that depends on who you speak to), while boards are starting to push back and ask what they have achieved after years of heavy cybersecurity spend.
Boards and senior executives are asking the wrong questions about cybersecurity, leading to poor investment decisions.
Many current approaches to improve cybersecurity are falling short of providing appropriate and defensible levels of protection.

SMEs are invariably focused on cost, which means optimising their spend to ensure that they get the biggest bang for their buck, to coin a phrase. However, time and again we see that they have spent, sometimes considerable, sums on technology without actually understanding what risks that technology is there to mitigate, therefore having no real idea if it is doing what they have been told its doing. The amount of money they are spending is of course relative. To a small business the sum invested might be a minor consideration to a much larger business. So, it becomes crucial that the mitigations put in place are appropriate to the risks they are there to mitigate.

This comes down to another drum we like to beat, that of risk management. Below is a link to a short video which explains the risk management process as it appertains to cyber security. Look at it with the view that it can be a matter of scale, and the smaller businesses may not need to go through the whole process but will need to go through much of it.

The risk management process

Note the I use the term mitigate rather than prevent. That’s simply because eradication of risk is simply not possible if you are going to continue to do business. The best you are going to achieve is to mitigate that risk to the lowest level achievable without getting in the way of business.

Let’s consider the following challenges and impacts:

Challenge	Impact
Societal perception of cybersecurity is that it is a technical problem, best handled by technical people, although that tends to be amongst the SME community. There is evidence though that that is changing slowly.	Societal perception is dominated by fear, uncertainty and doubt. It results in poor engagement with between management and suppliers, unproductive exchanges and unrealistic expectations. Ultimately, it leads to bad decisions and bad investments in cybersecurity.
Organisations are focused on the wrong questions about cybersecurity. The question of what do I need to buy to secure my data is asked rather than what do I need to secure and what is the priority.	Unproductive questions are indicative of poor understanding, and drive attention away from an improving that understanding and therefore drive better investments.
Current investments and approaches designed to address known limitations are not productive.	Many SMEs focused on technology and have a poor understanding of cyber risk management. This is often compounded by an equally poor understanding within the IT management company’s they often outsource to. This leads to a combination of poorly scoped solutions and all too often failed execution and unrealistic expectations.
Real failures are not getting enough attention to productively change behaviour.	Compliance with any regulation does not equal appropriate levels of protection.

Now, whilst some of these impacts may not be a 100% fit for many SMEs, particularly at the smaller end of the bracket, they are close enough to be taken very seriously indeed. Poor decisions are being taken every day in regard to the purchase of hardware and software to protect against cyber threats, without having carried out any kind of risk assessment to actually understand what risks they are trying to mitigate. End result, an investment in technology that on its own, will not prevent many of the cyber threats that abound today, coupled with a false sense of security.

A competent cyber security professional will approach the problem from the point of view of People, Process and Technology, understanding that many mitigations require a combination of 2 or 3 of those to provide an adequate response to the threat. For many SMEs, one of the biggest and quickest wins they can achieve is cyber awareness training for their staff. If their staff are aware of the issues, they have a much greater chance of recognising a scam, a phishing attack, an attempt at social engineering etc. And oftentimes such things can be mitigated by sound policies and processes. All of this prior to even considering spending money on technology. However, the very first thing that should be considered is to undertake a risk management process to identify the threats and vulnerabilities inherent in the business, thus enabling the risks to be identified and working out what mitigations are needed to drive the risks down to an acceptable level. SMEs almost never do this and it is a fundamental mistake.

Remote or Office? The Debate Goes On

Barely a week goes by without the remote working v office-based argument surfaces somewhere, usually it must be said, at the corporate level, although many SME owners remain nervous of it, with others downright against it. My client base appears to be largely OK with a hybrid model of working and only one is 100% remote based, having given up their office.

The COVID pandemic was the catalyst for this with businesses of all sizes being forced to transform their operations to support remote work and by and large have done well, but not without many challenges, including video conferencing burn out, (along with wishing they’d taken out shares in Zoom!!), and a yearning to work together in person again, someday. We all realise that group working, face to face, is often necessary not just for efficiency, but because we are social animals. Experience has taught many businesses many things but are often still struggling with the potentially dire consequences in terms of cyber security and data protection.

I should perhaps mention that in the corporate IT world, where I worked for many years for major system integrators like HP, hot desking and remote working was introduced in the early 2000s and therefore this was no problem for us.

A distributed work environment i.e., personnel spread around various locations, office, home working, even the local coffee shop, creates critical challenges and new security threats as a result. The speed with which this has happened has meant that many simply did not take cyber security issues into account and if they did, thought, well, this is temporary, and it won’t matter in the long run. Well perhaps, but as many are now finding, there have been advantages to home working, not least a lowering of costs in terms of how much office space is needed to carry out the business function. Many are now looking at Hybrid working i.e., from home with a day or two in the office during the week. There are pros and cons to this outside of the scope of this article, and businesses will have to make their own judgements, but one thing is clear and that is that businesses need to understand the risks now inherent in distributed work and need to get better at cyber security and data protection, in those environments.

Employees when remote working, are at much greater risk than those in offices. Since home connections are less secure, cybercriminals have an easier entry into the company network. Furthermore, the explosion of various online tools, solutions, and services for collaboration and productivity tend to have the bare minimum of security default setting, and updates from third-party vendors can change security preferences and be easily overlooked.

Phishing becomes an even greater threat to home workers simply because, in an office environment, they have access to colleagues and managers, who they can approach for advice and guidance. This is much harder to replicate with remote workers, especially those who may not be particularly tech savvy and who may not wish to become ‘burdensome’ to their co-workers.

Ransomware also enjoys an advantage in the remote working model. If their connection to the company is blocked, it is more difficult for workers to get assistance from the right experts and authorities. And since trust levels are lower when working from home, some workers will be concerned that they have “done something wrong” and so may be more reluctant to seek help. While this risk can be addressed by increased training, as well as messaging that vigilance and involving IT support will be rewarded, it can still be an uphill battle.

In a study carried out by Entrust it was clear that many organisations are grasping the concept of cyber awareness training, although there are still too few amongst SMEs that take this on board. Of those who responded to Entrust:

94% said employee training has a positive impact on data security.

95% agreed that they trust remote employees to comply with data security best practices and training.

93% said they felt positive about the impact data security training had on them.

Of course, this was a sampling and only 61% of employees said that their company offered training.

Whatever system of hybrid you are proposing to use, or are using, it is clear that you will need to go beyond baseline security measures. In this case we are almost certainly dealing with baseline protections such as multi-factor authentication, known as MFA or sometimes 2FA, and virtual private networks (VPNs). Both have their place and will be needed.

The Entrust report cites a contradiction here, and it’s one I have also noted. Many company owners/directors say they believe company data is protected with these baseline solutions, yet they also say that home internet connections, leaked sensitive company information and cyber-attacks are their top concerns.

If organisations are going to use hybrid work models successfully over the long term, then they will need to further invest in their security strategy. MFA and VPNs, while important, should be seen as part of a larger strategy for data security in a hybrid work model. Throughout and beyond the pandemic, bad actors have exploited security deficiencies of remote environments such as insecure home tech hardware, poor password hygiene and employee use of unapproved tools.

If you are going to adopt this new normal, or already have adopted it, then the process must start with understanding your risk posture which will inform you of what measures you need to take to secure your data. Below is a link to a short video explaining cyber risk management, at least at a high level.

https://bit.ly/3FdZ6x0

Once you have a clear understanding of what your risks are, then you might like to consider a zero-trust approach to data security.

With employees having the ability to work anywhere in a hybrid environment, the office perimeter is no longer relevant to digital security. Zero Trust frameworks are designed to apply the concept of least privileged access to people, systems and devices, giving these entities only the access they need to fulfil their role and nothing more. Additionally, a Zero Trust approach continually monitors user and device behaviour to identify suspicious patterns and take preventive action, including a step-up authentication challenge.

You may need to consider other protections such as:

Passwordless single sign on involving Privileged Access Management (PAM) to facilitate a Zero Trust approach.

Data Loss Prevention. Whilst a VPN will protect your data in transit, file level encryption ensures that it is protected at rest, at both ends of the tunnel, so that if it does get stolen or otherwise compromised, the impact is severely lessened. There is more information in the short video below.

https://bit.ly/4berDPa

Protective Monitoring. This has long been considered too expensive for an SME. Well, no longer, there is now a system which is effective and affordable and is explained in the video below.

https://bit.ly/3Qy4u0x

If you feel a no obligation chat about this would be helpful, give us a call.

Cyber Awareness Training

Investing in cyber awareness training is crucial, especially for SMEs who tend not to have the expertise and resource at their fingertips, to protect themselves against cyber-attacks and scams. Cyber threats are constantly evolving, and smaller businesses are often prime targets for attackers due to perceived weaker security defences. Your staff are key, they are the first line of defence, and potentially, your biggest weakness. This means they must know what the threats are and what simple steps they can take to protect the business.

Here are some key reasons why an SME should be seriously considering a cyber awareness training programme for their staff:

a. Protect Against Cyber Threats

SMEs face risks from phishing, ransomware, and social engineering attacks. Training helps employees recognise and respond to these threats before they cause harm.

b. Reduce Human Error

Most cyber incidents result from human mistakes and are not malicious in nature. Cyber awareness training can significantly reduce mistakes such as clicking on malicious links or using weak passwords. Training teaches employees what security best practice means and how to adopt it.

c. Ensure Regulatory Compliance

Many industries have data protection laws (e.g., GDPR) and other industry led regulations (PCI, FSA etc) that require businesses to safeguard customer data. Cyber awareness training helps SMEs comply with these regulations and avoid fines and reputational damage.

d. Protect Business Reputation

A data breach can damage customer trust and brand reputation, potentially leading to lost business. Proactive cybersecurity measures, including training, help maintain credibility.

e. Minimise Financial Losses

Cyber incidents can lead to financial losses from fraud, legal fees, downtime, and recovery costs. Investing in training is a cost-effective way to mitigate these risks.

f. Strengthen Overall Security Culture

When employees understand cybersecurity risks, they become an active part of the defence strategy, fostering a security-first mindset across the organisation.

g. Improve Incident Response

Trained employees can quickly identify and report security incidents, enabling faster response times and reducing potential damage.

h. Stay Competitive

Many clients and partners prefer working with businesses that prioritise cybersecurity. Demonstrating a commitment to security can be a competitive advantage.

Awareness training doesn’t need to cost that much, and it can be delivered classroom based, either on site or online, or it can be automated. The latter is often the preferred platform for an SME.

Let’s take a look at the pros and cons of each method of delivery.

Classroom-Based Training

Pros:

Interactive Learning – Employees can ask questions, engage in discussions, and get real-time feedback.
Customisable Content – Trainers can tailor content based on specific organisational threats or employee skill levels.
Higher Engagement – In-person or live virtual sessions often result in better engagement and knowledge retention.
Hands-on Practice – Allows for simulations, group exercises, and real-world case studies.

Cons:

Costly – Requires hiring trainers, scheduling sessions, and potential travel expenses.
Time-Consuming – Employees must take time away from work to attend sessions.
Scalability Issues – Difficult to train a large workforce across multiple locations.
Inconsistency – The effectiveness may vary depending on the instructor’s expertise and teaching style.

Automated Training (often AI-Based)

Pros:

Cost-Effective – No need for in-person instructors or travel costs.
Scalable – Easily deployed across an entire organisation, including remote employees.
Flexible Scheduling – Employees can complete training at their own pace.
Consistent Content Delivery – Ensures all employees receive the same training material.
Trackable Progress & Reporting – Automated platforms provide analytics on employee performance and compliance.

Cons:

Limited Engagement – Lack of real-time interaction may result in lower retention.
Generic Content – May not always address specific threats or industry-specific risks.
No Immediate Feedback – Employees may not have an opportunity to clarify doubts in real time.
Potential for Click-Through Learning – Some employees might rush through without fully absorbing the information.

Which one is better? This is somewhat subjective and will depend very much on the type of business you are, your budget and expectations. Generally:

For organisations needing high engagement and tailored content, classroom-based training is ideal.
For large, distributed teams or cost-conscious businesses, automated training is more practical.
A hybrid approach, combining both methods, often works best—using classroom sessions for deep learning and automated modules for ongoing reinforcement.

Here at H2 we can offer both classroom based, in person or on-line, as well as an automated programme which can include induction courses and continual reinforcement. This of course if the more cost effective solution for many SMEs.

Governance, Risk and Compliance

…. or let’s call it GRC because it is a bit of a mouthful. Two questions arise, firstly what does it mean, and secondly, does it really apply to SMEs?

To answer the first question GRC is a program that comprises those elements which, governed by the cyber-security strategy, provide cyber-security risk assessment, generate appropriate cyber-risk management policies and controls, and enable measurement of compliance with those policies and controls. Let’s not forget those controls required by regulatory compliance which are required by legal and regulatory bodies.

Governance is the process which dictates policy in line with the cyber-security strategy. Governance ensures that the organisation’s cyber-security policies are generated, adopted and amended within an organisation. Governance may be derived from both internal requirements (e.g. audit, board direction, information security) and external sources (e.g. statutory and regulatory requirements).
Risk management is the process by which risks are evaluated in light of business requirements – and the organisation’s risk tolerance or appetite. Risk management and mitigation policies and controls are then designed to achieve an acceptable level of risk to the organisation’s finances, data, reputation etc. The policies and intensity and number of the controls must be balanced against their cost and budgetary considerations, as well as the acceptable level of residual risk remaining once all controls have been implemented. Risk management is also the means by which new risks from emerging threats and new business opportunities are assessed and reduced to an acceptable level.
Compliance is the process by which adherence to risk management policies and controls are measured and gaps are identified. This function is performed by various individuals and teams, including internal audit, risk assessment teams, external regulatory agencies and third-party organizations.

OK, so far so good, but isn’t this all a little over the top for SMEs. Well yes and no. Firstly, every business must comply with the statutory regulations laid down by government and the requirements for governance laid down by various industry standards. PCI is a good example of the latter. If you don’t comply to PCI DSS standards, you simply won’t be allowed to take credit card payments. Maybe not important to all businesses, but it is to many.

Secondly, it is a matter of scale. Everyone in business does some form of risk assessment during the working day – is it safe to take this person on? Is this a good bit of business to acquire or is it too risky? Do we need to diversify? Etc. Even if your risk assessments aren’t formal and you are doing them on the fly, they are still relevant to your business. Cyber Security is no different. Your cyber assets, and in this case, we often mean your data, need to be risk assessed, ie assessing the risk to the business if it all goes pear shaped, and then the right controls applied. This falls under GRC.

So, what kills GRC in business? It’s often a lack of communication and understanding. The lack of understanding comes from not having the relevant expertise to talk to, and I’m not referring to IT techies. They are great at keeping your systems working, be they an in-house resource or a managed service IT company under contract. But they are not cyber security professionals. The latter is a skill set recognised in the industry with its own qualifications and career path.

The lack of communication comes in when you have the relevant expertise to hand, usually outsourced, but the board is simply not listening to what they are being told. So why is that? Well, a big mistake made by some cyber security people is being too technical and speaking in jargon. It doesn’t work and turns people off. When putting across an argument it must be in plain English and be business focused. Management has to see some form of ROI, even it that ROI difficult to measure, based as it probably will be on proving a negative, ie the controls are working because we haven’t been hacked, as opposed to, we haven’t been hacked so we don’t need to budget for this. Another example is talking about phishing, ransomware, hacking etc, when the business wants to hear about insider fraud and intellectual property theft.

My regular readers will be aware of my adherence to the KISS principle – Keep It Simple Stupid. So overly complex GRC tools and solutions won’t work with SMEs regardless of where they sit on the totem pole, either at the lower end of Small up to the higher end of Medium. All GRC principles must be scaled accordingly, and any practitioner used to evaluate your GRC issues must have a firm grasp of the business and apply GRC principles to support that business in a way that the management can immediately see its value. Not easy but very much doable.

When working for HP I had 2 teams, one was techie and the other, focused on GRC, was not so techie and I kept that separation as it was very important.

I am always happy to have a conversation around this subject.

IDENTITY AND ACCESS MANAGEMENT AND ZERO TRUST

Today is a typical January day, cold, wet and miserable. I really didn’t feel like getting out of bed but hey, not a lot of choice until I become a multi-millionaire and pay someone to get out of bed for me – I wish. I’m starting the day with a large coffee from Costa to try and kick start my creative juices and get this blog written. And no, I’m not writing it in Costa, it’s a takeaway. I’ve written several pieces on the dangers of insecure coffee shop WIFI.

Those of you who have managed to plough your way through some of my earlier stuff, will know that I am very big on user awareness training for staff at all levels, believing as I do, that it is arguably one of the quickest wins that an SME can make, to protect themselves against cybercrime. There is however a very close second, and that is identity and access management.

Before I get into that, let’s talk a bit about Zero Trust. You might have heard the term but what exactly does it mean? Zero Trust architecture is a security concept that emphasises the importance of continuous verification and strict access controls within a network environment. It operates on the principle of “trust no one” and assumes that no user or device should be inherently trusted, even if they are within the network perimeter. Instead, Zero Trust focuses on authenticating and authorising every access attempt, regardless of its source or location.

In a Zero Trust architecture, access controls are implemented based on various factors, such as user identity, device health, location, and other contextual information. This approach helps prevent lateral movement within a network, reduces the impact of potential breaches, and improves overall security posture.

Zero Trust architectures typically employ technologies such as multifactor authentication, encryption, micro-segmentation, and continuous monitoring to enforce access controls and detect anomalous behaviour. By adopting a Zero Trust mindset, organisations can enhance their security defences and better protect against modern cyber threats.

Getting back to Identity and Access Control, there is mounting evidence that the message is getting through that, although passwords are very important, they most certainly aren’t the panacea that many think they are. We can see many organisations moving to 2 factor authentication as a norm now. In fact, if you want to be accredited to Cyber Essentials or ISO 27001, it’s a requirement without which you won’t pass. A charity I volunteered for has done just that and not before time, considering the amount of personal data they are holding. But is that enough?

Compromised credentials are very high on the list of cybercrime related incidents that we see and have to deal with. Protecting these identities can be a very technical issue and advice and guidance will be needed to ensure that you are adequately covered. However it needn’t be overly expensive, neither need it be overly complicated. In fact, I’m a great believer in that the simplest solution is often the best solution. I’m an adherent of the KISS principle – Keep It Simple Stupid.

Questions to ask yourself include:

Are your user accounts configured with the minimum level of privilege they need to do their job?
If an employee needs additional privilege to carry out a one off job, how do you ensure that once it’s completed, the privilege is revoked?
What is a privileged account? Typically it’s someone who needs additional privileges as part of their daily tasks, such as adding/removing users, auditing actions, access to more secure areas of the network (finance, management data etc), etc etc. Are you limiting by policy the roles within your organisation that need privileged accounts, and are you specifying explicitly what those privileges are, by role?
Are your privileged accounts subject to greater levels of auditing and scrutiny?
Do you have a joiners and leavers process to manage active accounts?
Do you have a movers process ie employees that change roles and require different levels of access to carry out their new role, either adding or removing privilege?

Another issue that you may need to consider is any accounts that exist on your network that may be used by third party suppliers. Many companies use ‘just in time’ supply management which can require third parties to have access to their network. Another example is people like me who, when carrying out things like vulnerability assessments, may be given privileges to scan the network. Is that revoked at the end of the scan? And of course, there is the IT company you may have under contract who actively have access to your network to carry out maintenance and might actually also have a contract for controlling user privilege. Or perhaps the company you have under contract maintaining your alarms and security cameras which you didn’t know were actually using your network to connect to each other and their control room.

What about logging? What is logging? Every system has a set of logs which can be switched on or off. I often come across networks where logging has been switched off or never activated because its consider to be an overhead you can live without. Well, I disagree with that, quite vehemently. Logging helps you to determine what normal looks like. For example user profiles carry out certain functions within their role. If a user is stepping outside of that profile, you need to find out why. Is it a user who is doing something they simply didn’t realise they shouldn’t, or is it something more serious? Is it an identity that has been created or hi-jacked by a cybercriminal who has managed to gain access? Examination of these logs will help you understand that. There is of course software on the market that will be of great help with this. And of course, what do you do if you are suspicious of an activity or action by a user?

This is a big and crucial issue that deserves attention, more attention that a short blog like this can give it. So if you would like more information, we would be happy to oblige.

General Security Issues